Distinguishing A Sentence From An Utterance

Distinguishing A Sentence From An Utterance A sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought. It can be written or spoken. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command. It is neither a physical event nor a physical object. Examples: I am a student. The world is my home. An utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. Linguists sometimes use utterance to simply refer to a unit of speech under study.Examples: Tina visits her niece and meets a new friend .Tina :Hi. Hello, how are you John. To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by certain person Im a student. Decide whether each pair of sentences below has the same or different propositional content. If they have the same propositional content, identify the proposition that they both share. a. Can John have some cake? John has some cake same propositional content : John having some cake b. Take out the garbage you will take out the garbage same propositional content: taking out the garbage c. Can you pass the salt The salt shaker is nearly empty different propositional content The characteristics of an utterance are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It is spoken and can be loud or quiet à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Can be true or false à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Physical event à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢May be grammatical or not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Meaningful or meaningless à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢By specific person (in particular accent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢By specific time or on particular occasion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢A piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word) Explain these terms and concepts and give an example of each: Speech acts : A speech act is an utterance that constitutes some act in addition to the mere act of uttering. It serves a function in communication.. We perform speech acts when we make an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, etc. A speech act might contain just one word, as in Sorry! or several words or sentences: Im sorry I forgot your birthday. I just dont know how it happened. Examples: Request: Could you open the window, please? Performative utterance : a type of statement we make using the right words, with the right intention, and in the right context in order to perform an action. It is an utterance that peforms an act by the fact of its being uttered under certain circumstances. When a person makes a performative utterance, that person is performing an action .For example, a person can give a name to a new puppy by stating aloud, I name this puppy Rita ; or as when you say I promise, thus performing the act of promising ; or a teacher could assign his class homework by simply stating, I assign you pages 67-68 in Gateway 2 as homework. Constative utterance : Is an utterance which states, reports, or describes facts in the world. It is a statement of facts that can be judged as true or false. Constative utterances are contrasted with performative utterances, which have a similar linguistic structure but do not issue true or false statements about the world. Examples: Shakespeare died in 1956 ; The cat is on the mat. ; or the utterance John is running, which depends for its truth or falsity on whether it is the case that John is running Act of assertion : To assert is to state with force. So if someone makes an assertion, theyre not just trying out an idea they really mean it. An assertion is a speech act in which something is claimed to be true. It refers to the act of affirming or asserting or stating something. An ACT of ASSERTION is carried out when a speaker utters a declarative sentence (which can be either true or false), and undertakes a certain responsibility, or commitment, to the hearer, that a particular state ofaffairs, or situation, exists in the world. Examples: Jenny got an A on the test ; or there is a traffic jam on Hassan I bridge In Sale at 08:00 a.m Performative verb : They are the type of verbs used to make performative utterances. They describe actions carried out by speakers. Examples are: promise, name, bet, agree, swear, declare, order, predict, warn, insist, declare refuse ,etc. 5. For each of the following utterances state one or two purposes that the speaker may have had in mind when uttering them. a The car is dirty. : to complain about the state of the car ; to request from someone to clean the car b Is it right to allow skateboarding on our sidewalks? : to disapprove of skateboarding; to request banning skateboarding c Look at the mess you just made! : to order someone to tidy up the place ; to complain about the mess d Some of the pages have been torn out. : to apologize to someone about the damage ; to complain about the damage. 6. Try to identify the kind(s) of acts mentioned in your answer to question 5 above (such as warning, requesting, ordering, complaining, apologizing, etc.). See the above answers 7. Identify whether the following utterances are performative or constative. If an utterance is performative, describe the act being performed, as well as the act being described. a I order you to pay the bill. : performative : the speaker is performing the act of ordering the listener to pay the bill b I pronounce you man and wife. : performative: used in the course of a marriage ceremony. the act performed is making a couple legally married. c I promise to drop by tomorrow. : performative : the speaker is performing the act of promising to visit. d The minister pronounced them man and wife. : constative e I promised to drop by tomorrow. : constative : the verb should be in the present f I sweep the floor every Tuesday. : constative g I believe you were wrong. : constative 8. Identify which of the following is a performative verb and use it in a sentence as a performative. Use the hereby test to help you make your decision. Think of three additional performative verbs not listed here, and also use them performatively in a sentence. a. declare : performative : I hereby declare war against our enemy. b. warn : performative : I hereby warn you to go inside. c. think : d. promise : performative : I hereby promise to buy you some ice cream. e. write : f. approve (to OK something): performative: I hereby approve the report, so you can send it g. remind : performative : I hereby remind you to turn your cell phones off. h. consider : More performative verbs: Apologize: I apologize for my behaviour Sentence: We hereby sentence you to 10 years in prison Order : I hereby order you to shut up Advise: I advise you to keep up the payments on your car 9. Performative verbs follow certain conventions.What are they? Are there exceptions? Give an example or two of each. Some conventions of performative verbs are: Performative verbs are verbs that describe actions carried out by speakers. They are used in 1st person singular, present (nonprogressive), indicative, active. They can be combined with hereby Exceptions: You are hereby forbidden smoke here (exception, because performative, but with a 2nd person subject) We thank you for your services (exception,because performative but with 1st person plural subject) 10. Identify which of the following utterances are performative. Also identify the utterances which are exceptions to the conventions you mentioned in the answer to the previous question. Explain why they are exceptions. a Students are asked to keep noise to a minimum. : b You are hereby allowed to enter the vault. : performative : exception (2nd person) c You must enter quietly. : - d We apologize for our mistake. : performative :exception (1st person plural) e I admit that I made a mistake. : performative f The text was written by two authors. : g Wearing hats inside is forbidden. : performative : exception (passive) 11. Why do we talk about utterances being performative (rather than sentences or propositions)? we talk about utterances being performative beacause an utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. It can be any vocally produced sound( unlike the sentence which is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought and which can be written or spoken. ).Moreover, unlike utterances, propositions are active declarative sentences used to describe or constate something, and which thus are true or false. So, Performative utterances are not true or false, instead when something is wrong with them then they are happy or unhappy. The uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as just saying or describing something . 12. Explain these terms and concepts and give an example of each: perlocutionary act (perlocution) : A perlocutionary speech act a statement that has some sort of intended or unintended effect. It refers to the interpretation of the message by the hearer or the actual effect of a speech act, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not. For example: the utterance there is something in your shoulder! may cause the listener to panic and to look on his shoulder. The perlocution of this utterance is to cause those emotions and actions. illocutionary act (illocution) : An illocutionary speech act refers to the meaning intended by the speaker. It is the act of doing something by saying something. It refers to the pragmatic illocutionary force of the utterance, thus its intended significance as a socially valid verbal action. Performative utterances fall under illocutionary speech acts. For example: the utterance I swear to give it back next time is used to perform the illocutionary act of promising. Propositional act : A propositional act has usually been characterized simply as the act of expressing a proposition. It is a speech act that a speaker performs when referring or predicating in an utterance. Example : The following utterances all have the same propositional act despite their different illocutionary acts, utterance acts, and perlocutionary acts You go home. Do you go home? Go home! How I wish youd go home! 13. For each of the following situations, identify the act carried out by the utterance (from among asserting, asking, or ordering). a Father to his son: The car is dirty. : ordering or requesting ( could you clean it?) b Irate citizen to the city council: Is it right to allow skateboarding on our sidewalks?: asserting ( its not right) c Mother to small child: Look at the mess you just made! : asserting( you have made a mess) d Student to a friend on a windy day: Some of my papers have blown away.: requesting help e Photographer to a client: Stand right there and say cheese! : ordering or requesting f Student to a teacher: What is the correct answer to question 2? : asking g Student to a teacher: I had trouble with question 2. : requesting ( could you help me?) h Teacher to a student: Question 2 has not yet been answered. : ordering or requesting the answer 14. Identify some of the possible perlocutionary effects of each utterance : a Policeman to a loiterer: Im afraid youll have to move on. : causing the hearer to be embarrassed. b Parent to a child: Its time for bed now.: causing the hearer to be frustrated c Teacher to a student: Youre going to flunk math. : causing the hearer to be annoyed d Doctor to a patient: You have only 3 minutes to live. : causing the hearer to be upset e Auto mechanic to car owner: Ill have to replace the engine. : causing the hearer to be concerned about the charge f Auto mechanic to car owner: Theres nothing wrong with your car, so therell be no charge. : causing the hearer to be pleased g Sales clerk to customer: This coat costs  £900. : causing the hearer to feel disappointed h Official to contest winner: You just won  £5,000,000! : causing the hearer to be excited 15. Identify the illocutionary act performed by uttering each of the following a Could you pass the salt? : requesting b Im afraid the cake didnt turn out too well. : apologizing c What a despicable movie! : dislike d Ive had enough to wait for now. : leavetaking e But there are too many books to read in this class! : complaining f You have written a beautiful critique of the problem. : praising g Hi, how are things going? : greeting 16. Which of the following pairs of illocutions seem to be appropriate sequences? For those which are appropriate, make up a pair of utterances which exemplify them. a offering declining : appropriate sequences Example: A : A cup of tea ? B : No, thanks b praising thanking : appropriate sequences Example: A: You were so great ! B: Thanks c congratulation toasting d congratulation declining : appropriate sequences Example: A: Nice car. Congratulations ! B: Oh, its not mine. e accosting condoling f accusing admitting : appropriate sequences Example: A: No one but you could reveal that secret. B: Yes, but I didnt mean it g leavetaking mocking h deploring agreeing : appropriate sequences Example: A: It was a great loss for us all. B: certainly. 17 Classify the following acts as either illocutionary (I) or perlocutionary (P). a. persuading someone ( P ) f. irritating someone ( P) b. bothering someone ( P ) g. pleasing someone ( P) c .apologizing to someone ( I ) h . protesting to someone ( I ) d. upsetting someone ( P ) i. helping someone ( I ) e. accosting someone ( I ) j. impressing someone ( P ) 18 In pragmatics, is concentrating only on illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts enough to understand an utterance? Why ? There is no doubt that the Speech Acts theory has a revolutionary contribution to the understanding of utterances. Still, I think that it will not be enough to understand the human language because it is , by nature , highly complex. Many studies talk about the limitations of the Speech Acts theory. John Searle acknowledges some simplifications: I am ignoring more complex types of subject expressions, relational predicate expressions, and molecular propositions. Until we can get clear about the simple cases we are hardly likely to get clear about the more complicated ones. (Searle, Speech Acts, 33.) Some the issues raised is figurative or non-literal meaning: in particular, idiomatic or fixed expressions, metaphor, and metonymy. The study of this kind of meaning has not traditionally been the focus of linguistics. Now, it has become much more important in recent years, partly because semanticists have begun to realize how prevalent it is in everyday language. They have also begun to discover that much, if not all, of its use is not totally haphazard or idiosyncratic, but subject to certain rules and principles that can be discovered and described. I have also read an article about Illocutionary Silencing by Alexander Bird published in Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 83 (2002), but honestly I didnt understand it.

Adu E-learning system Essay

Introduction: In today’s modern society, computer has become a way of life especially by means of communication. Mostly, people nowadays have their own internet connection so they can freely use the internet. There are many websites site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections, these websites are sometimes we call â€Å"Social Networking-Sites†,most famous example of this are facebook and twitter Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet. There are kinds of social networking sites that was used for educational purposes in Schools, Colleges and Universities,these are what we call â€Å"LMS(Learning Management System) or E-learning System,it enable students to learn anytime and anywhere and can be also used in terms communication, with the use of internet. Example of this was our own Adamson University E-learning System that enables us to see the announcements, updates of our school events, lessons(updated by some of our professor), see grades online and other things. It also serves us as a communication for the professors and students or students to students because we can send messages, we can chat in room section.professors can give assignments and We,students can pass assignments online. In this study, We hope that we can see the effects of AdU E-learning System in terms of communication with students’ and professors because nowadays We, researchers see and also experienced the usage of Also E-learning System and many Adamsonian students often use it in terms of communication purposes. Statement of the Problem: Major Problems: What are the effects of Adu E-learning system in the communication of students and professors. Minor Problems: 1.Demographic Profile of respondents in terms of: a.Age b.Course c.Often usage of E-Leaning System d.Time Spent in using E-Learning System 2.What are the effects of Adu E-learning system in the communication of students and professors in terms of? a.Study lessons b.Reminders of school events c.Announcement of grades Scopes and Limitation of the study In general, the focus of this study is directed towards learning of effects of AdU E-learning System in terms of communication with students’ and professors and for Adamsonian College Students who uses E-Learning System for communication purposes. Significance of the study Adamson University College Students. In this study, students can benefit a lot on this study for they can learn the effects of E-learning System in terms of Communication of students’ and professors. Know the Importance of AdU E-learning System. Lesson/Updates Researchers. The researches have developed their writing and analysis skills needed to make a good thesis Definition of terms LMS (Learning Management System)-systems that enable students to learn anytime and anywhere and can be also used in terms communication by the use of internet.

The Meaning of Controversial Essay Topics 2018

The Meaning of Controversial Essay Topics 2018 The Fight Against Controversial Essay Topics 2018 There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the topic of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. Also, bear in mind your discussion topics must fit the other students' level some of them are able to be not able to take care of the topic that has too many elements to take into account. 1 important and appropriate subject is technology. Besides academic degree, you should also look at the kind of debate format to select and an acceptable topic. Not each time you prepare for debate you'll have to be serious. 4 After introducing each side of the matter and allowing students to examine their opinions, you can express your own opinion about it. As students discuss the problem, they'll be able to assist each other further understand the arguments posed by every side. 3 After presenting each side of the problem and making certain students unders tand the controversy, give little groups of students a chance to talk about the arguments each side presents. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Controversial Essay Topics 2018 Facts, ultimately, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. There are lots of things to debate about but it's not so simple to decide on the proper topic which will be interesting for most students. No matter the subject, you could always rely on their help! Still, make certain that you use credible evidence and stay true to the sum of information which supports your idea. Controversial Essay Topics 2018 Ideas The goal in teaching a controversial subject isn't to sway students to an opinion or the other, but they could change the way that they feel after further discussion. Argumentative debate topics cover specific problems, problems, phenomenon or subjects that you could deliberate. There are lots of things to argue when it has to do with the law. The problem of doctor-assisted suicide. If you take part in debates, you are able to also develop your research, note-taking, and analytical abilities, in addition to gain the capability to create balanced, informed arguments and utilize evidence and reasoning. Though you might feel queasy at the notion of teaching some topics, utilize these strategies to help it become ateaching triumph in the place of a classroom catastrophe. If you're an educator with an opposite opinion, attempt to spell out why it's so! Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Still, for lots of us, sports may be an escape and it consumes us. NFL players could be the sport where athleticism is the most important, although that is dependent upon the position. Look at the world today, search via the internet and appear at news articles too there's inspiration everywhere. Try our services since you will be working with the best writers on the market. It may be intriguing to discuss the value of sports in student's life and tackle a few of the problems that college students face in college. Controversial essay writing is among the best approaches to understand how to persuade people and touch on the subjects which are challenging! Controversial topics work nicely for speeches and essays, since they typically evoke strong opinions on either side. On the flip side, bear in mind your essay can be offensive to someone. Controversial essay is just one of the most anticipated types of a term paper for every single college student. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is really the ideal idea for you. Lastly, you also have to have the ability to explore each side of the argument to provide a rounded essay. The primary purpose of an argumentative paper is to produce the audience accept your standpoint. What's important is to divide the paper into the key topics and lots of subtopics. All these topics are intended to arouse the readers' interest. It's possible to opt for an intriguing topic from any area of science. Don't hesitate to browse for different topics associated with sports to prepare great informative speeches or write distinctive and persuasive essays. When you're given an assignment to compose a controversial essay, you must get the most suitable topic. An excellent argumentative topic has to be debatable. There are several intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to consider about doing it. Go on reading to locate your ideal debate topic!

The 2050 Food Security Challenge - 1292 Words

The 2050 Food Security Challenge, is one of the most widely known and concerning issues of the 21st century due to its vast potential of impacting the entire earth. In an analysis titled â€Å"Solutions for a Cultivated Planet,† Foley et al. (2011) note that it as â€Å"one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century† (p. 1). In summary, the issue addresses the need for massive expansion of food production in order to accommodate our ever-growing population. By 2050, the world population is expected to reach 9-10 billion people, an increase of approximately 35% in 33 years (FAO, p. 2). As a result, a large increase in food production is required, while using less land, less water, decreasing the overall environmental impact, improving†¦show more content†¦83-84). Currently certified organic land is approximately 37 million hectares or 91.4 million acres, accounting for 0.9% of all agricultural land (Niggli, 2014, p. 84). Although relatively small in comparison to conventional farming, Niggli emphasises the importance of organic production in feeding the growing population. Overall, he supports his claim with three major points; the lower environmental impacts, the environmental benefits and the potential for growth. Niggli (2014) begins by stressing the multi-functionality of organic production and states, â€Å"Organic agriculture produces both commodity and non-commodity outputs and addresses ethical concerns such as animal welfare and the livelihoods of farmers† (p. 84). He continues by discussing the how organic production allows for natural growth and biodiversity due to regular crop rotation, as well as restrictions on pesticides and herbicides. Additionally, bans on chemical fertilizers decrease nitrogen leaches by 35-65%, all of which help maintain soil and drinking water quality (Niggli, 2014, p.84). 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